Piotr Tepper, the banker of the king, dedicated his efforts to the construction of the church. In 1777, he obtained the necessary privilege from King Stanisław August Poniatowski, although the king retained the right to choose the building's design. The renowned architect Szymon Bogumił Zug was tasked with designing the church, which was subsequently built between 1777 and 1782. On December 30, 1781, the congregation's pastor, Gottlieb Ringeltaube, officiated the church's inauguration.
The church is a splendid Classical rotunda, inspired in part by the Roman Pantheon. It stands as the tallest and one of the largest structures in 18th century Warsaw. With a dome diameter of 33.4 meters and a height of 58 meters, its grand dome and magnificent lantern tower still dominate the surrounding buildings. The architecture embodies the essence of pure classicism. During the Kościuszko Uprising, the Polish Army utilized the church's towering height as a strategic observation point.
During the early 19th century, the church gained renown for its music performances during services, attracting famous musicians like Frédéric Chopin, who held concerts there. In April 1825, in the presence of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Chopin showcased his skills on the choralion (aeolimelodicon).
Tragedy befell the church on September 16, 1939, when it was bombed and set ablaze by the Germans. However, it was reconstructed between 1948 and 1953 after the war.
Inside, visitors are captivated by the double gallery that encircles the interior. The church's acoustic enhancements and its splendid organ make it a favored venue for classical music concerts organized by the Warsaw Chamber Opera (Warszawska Opera Kameralna).